Optimal Design of Energy Sources for a Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Extended-Range Agricultural Mobile Robot

Powertrain electrification in the agricultural vehicles is still initial stages. This article analyzes energy behavior of a Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Agricultural Mobile Robot (PV/FCAMR) as preliminary step before development. concept incorporates three storage sources for powertrain: battery pack, Fuel (FC) system, and Photovoltaic (PV) system. paper proposes an approach based on Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) Particle Swarm (PSO) algorithms to determine sizes FC FCAMR. A differential drive mobile robot was used case study extract typical working cycles farming applications. The FCAMR vehicle model developed MATLAB/Simulink evaluate consumption performance. For analysis evaluation, tested two realistic comprising circular rectangular moving patterns. results showed that proposed arrangement could extend autonomy by 350% opposed pure electric allows at least 8 h work with tank filled 150 g hydrogen PV system 0.5 m2 monocrystalline solar panel. simulation have demonstrated relevance robustness this relation various cycles. cost comparison between theoretical optimization sizing methods 8% decrease Furthermore, adding extended vehicle’s range up 5%. provides optimal solution robots futuristic vehicles.